Electrical insulation film

ABSTRACT

Certain embodiments of the present technology provide a capacitor film comprising a polypropylene material. The capacitor film comprises xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight. In certain embodiments the xylene solubles are in a range of 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight. The film also comprises a crystalline fraction melting in the temperature range of 200° C. to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique. The crystalline fraction comprises a part, the part representing at least 10 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction, and wherein the part melts at a melting rate of 10° C./min. Certain embodiments present a capacitor film where the part melts at or below 140° C. In other embodiments, the said part melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature of the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene material, and the part represents at least 45 percent by weight of the crystalline fraction.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application Serial No. PCT/EP2007/006056 (International Publication Number WO 2008/006529 A1), having an International filing date of Jul. 9, 2007 entitled “Electrical Insulation Film”. International Application No. PCT/EP2007/006056 claimed priority benefits, in turn, from European Patent Application No. 06014270.0 filed Jul. 10, 2006. International Application No. PCT/EP2007/006056 and European Patent Application No. 06014270.0 are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[Not Applicable]

MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE

[Not Applicable]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present technology relates to electrical insulation films, in particular capacitor films, and their use.

Capacitor films must withstand extreme conditions like high temperatures and high electrical breakdown strength. Additionally it is appreciated that capacitor films possess good mechanical properties like a high stiffness. Up to now there is the prevailing opinion in the technical field of capacitor technology that high electrical breakdown strength can be only achieved with a low level of electrical conduction caused by residual metals such as titanium, aluminium and boron. However traditional polypropylenes produced with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst are contaminated with high amounts of residual catalyst components. To achieve the desired very low levels of impurities to make the polypropylene suitable for capacitor films, the polypropylenes must be troublesome washed, a process which is time consuming and cost-intensive. To overcome the washing step polypropylenes produced in the presence of supported single-site catalysts have been developed, as for instance described in WO 02/16455 A1, with low levels of impurities including metallic and non-metallic impurities, like aluminium, titanium, silicon, and halogen (such as Cl and F). However to achieve this goal of low levels of impurities the process conditions must be controlled very carefully. Moreover such polypropylenes have the drawback that they cannot be processed in a stable way. In particular films based on polypropylenes produced in the presence of supported single-site catalysts suffer from sagging and break easily when manufactured.

Therefore the object of the present technology is to provide a capacitor film with a high temperature resistance and high electrical breakdown strength paired with good mechanical properties, in particular a high stiffness.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present technology is based on the finding that an improved balance of high thermal resistance, high electrical breakdown strength and good mechanical properties can be accomplished by introducing a specific degree of short-chain branching in combination with a specific amount of non-crystalline areas. It is been in particular found out that the good properties can be achieved independently from the amount of impurities present, i.e. whether the polypropylene comprises rather high amounts of aluminium, titanium, silicon, halogen (such as Cl and F) and/or boron.

Accordingly, in a first embodiment of the present technology, the object outlined above is solved by providing a electrical insulation film, like a capacitor film, comprising a polypropylene wherein the film and/or the polypropylene has/have

a) xylene solubles (XS) of at least 0.5 wt.-% and

b) a strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) of at least 0.15 measured at a deformation rate dε/dt of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C., wherein the strain hardening index (SHI) is defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function (lg (η_(E) ⁺)) as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain (lg (ε)) in the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and 3.

Surprisingly, it has been found that capacitor films comprising a polypropylene with such characteristics have superior properties compared to the films known in the art. Especially, the inventive capacitor films have high values of electrical breakdown strength also in case relatively high amounts of impurities are present in the film. Thus no troublesome washing steps are necessary as by polypropylenes known in the art. Moreover the capacitor films according the present technology have in addition a high temperature resistance and are obtainable at high process stability and low process temperature. Moreover and surprisingly the inventive film has in addition good mechanical properties as a high stiffness expressed in tensile modulus. Additionally it has been observed that the new capacitor films according to the present technology show a significant increase of electrical breakdown strength with increasing the draw ratio.

Certain embodiments of the present technology provide a capacitor film comprising a polypropylene material. The capacitor film comprises xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight. In certain embodiments the xylene solubles are in a range of 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight. The film also comprises a crystalline fraction melting in the temperature range of 200° C. to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique. The crystalline fraction comprises a part, the part representing at least 10 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction, and wherein the part melts at a melting rate of 10° C./min. Certain embodiments present a capacitor film where the part melts at or below 140° C. In other embodiments, the said part melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature of the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene material, and the part represents at least 45 percent by weight of the crystalline fraction.

In certain embodiments of the present technology, the film has a strain hardening index of at least 0.15 measured at a deformation rate of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C. The strain hardening index can be defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain for the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and 3.

Certain embodiments of the presently described technology provide a method of using the capacitor film described in a capacitor. In certain embodiments, a capacitor is provided, the capacitor having at least one layer comprising the capacitor film described herein.

Certain embodiments provide a process or a method for the preparation of the capacitor film described herein, involving the step of forming the polypropylene material is formed into a film. In certain embodiments, the polypropylene material is formed into a cast film. In certain embodiments, the film is biaxially oriented. In certain embodiments of the process of the present technology, the polypropylene is prepared using a catalyst system of low porosity, the catalyst system comprising a symmetric catalyst, wherein the catalyst system has a porosity of less than 1.40 ml/g [measured according to DIN 66135]. The catalyst system can be a non-silica supported system. The catalyst system can also have a porosity below the detection limit as defined according to DIN 66135. In certain embodiments, the catalyst system has a surface area of less than 25 m²/g [measured according to ISO 9277].

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the determination of a Strain Hardening Index of “A” at a strain rate of 0.1 s⁻¹ (SHI@0.1 s⁻¹).

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the deformation rate versus strain hardening.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting catalyst particle size distribution via Coulter counter.

FIG. 4 is a graph of the electrical breakdown strength of difficulty oriented specimen.

FIG. 5 is a graph of SIST Curve E 1 (for a 6.76 milligram sample).

FIG. 6 is a graph of SIST Curve CE 1 (for a 5.21 milligram sample).

FIG. 7 is a graph of SIST Curve CE 2 (for a 7.27 milligram sample).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A first requirement of the first embodiment of the present technology is that the capacitor film comprising a polypropylene and/or the polypropylene itself has/have xylene solubles of some extent, i.e. of at least 0.50 wt.-%. Xylene solubles are the part of the polymer soluble in cold xylene determined by dissolution in boiling xylene and letting the insoluble part crystallize from the cooling solution (for the method see below in the experimental part). The xylene solubles fraction contains polymer chains of low stereo-regularity and is an indication for the amount of non-crystalline areas.

Preferably, the polypropylene component of the film has xylene solubles of more than 0.60 wt.-%. On the other hand, the amount of xylene solubles should not be too high since they represent a potential contamination risk. Accordingly it is preferred that the xylene solubles are not more than 1.50 wt.-%, still more preferably not more than 1.35 wt.-% and yet more preferably not more than 1.00 wt.-%. In preferred embodiments the xylene solubles are in the range of 0.50 to 1.50 wt.-%, yet more preferably in the range of 0.60 to 1.35 wt.-%, and still more preferably in the range of 0.60 to 1.00 wt.-%.

Preferably, the capacitor film has xylene solubles of more than 0.60 wt.-%. Even more preferred, the capacitor film has xylene solubles of not more than 1.50 wt.-%, more preferably of not more than 1.35 wt.-%. In particular, the film has xylene solubles in the range of 0.50 wt.-% to 1.35 wt. %, even more preferably 0.60 wt.-% to 1.35 wt.-%, and most preferably 0.60 wt.-% to 1.00 wt.-%.

Furthermore the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the film according to the present technology is/are characterized in particular by extensional melt flow properties. The extensional flow, or deformation that involves the stretching of a viscous material, is the dominant type of deformation in converging and squeezing flows that occur in typical polymer processing operations. Extensional melt flow measurements are particularly useful in polymer characterization because they are very sensitive to the molecular structure of the polymeric system being tested. When the true strain rate of extension, also referred to as the Hencky strain rate, is constant, simple extension is said to be a “strong flow” in the sense that it can generate a much higher degree of molecular orientation and stretching than flows in simple shear. As a consequence, extensional flows are very sensitive to crystallinity and macro-structural effects, such as short-chain branching, and as such can be far more descriptive with regard to polymer characterization than other types of bulk rheological measurement which apply shear flow.

Accordingly one requirement of the present technology is that the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has/have a strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) of at least 0.15, more preferred of at least 0.20, yet more preferred the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is in the range of 0.15 to 0.30, like 0.15 to below 0.30, and still yet more preferred in the range of 0.15 to 0.29. In a further embodiment it is preferred that the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has/have a strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) in the range of 0.20 to 0.30, like 0.20 to below 0.30, more preferred in the range of 0.20 to 0.29.

The strain hardening index is a measure for the strain hardening behavior of the polypropylene melt. Moreover values of the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) of more than 0.10 indicate a non-linear polymer, i.e. a short-chain branched polymer. In the present technology, the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is measured by a deformation rate dε/dt of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C. for determining the strain hardening behavior, wherein the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is defined as the slope of the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺ as a function of the Hencky strain ε on a logarithmic scale between 1.00 and 3.00 (see FIG. 1). Thereby the Hencky strain ε is defined by the formula ε={dot over (ε)}_(H)·t, wherein the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) is defined by the formula:

${{\overset{.}{ɛ}}_{H} = \frac{2 \cdot \Omega \cdot R}{L_{0}}};$

with

“L₀” is the fixed, unsupported length of the specimen sample being stretched which is equal to the centerline distance between the master and slave drums;

“R” is the radius of the equi-dimensional windup drums; and

“Ω” is a constant drive shaft rotation rate.

In turn the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺ is defined by the formula:

${{\eta_{E}^{+}(ɛ)} = \frac{F(ɛ)}{{\overset{.}{ɛ}}_{H} \cdot {A(ɛ)}}};{with}$ T(ɛ) = 2 ⋅ R ⋅ F(ɛ); and ${{A(ɛ)} = {A_{0} \cdot \left( \frac{\,_{S}}{\,_{M}} \right)^{2/3} \cdot {\exp \left( {- ɛ} \right)}}};{wherein}$

the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) is defined as for the Hencky strain ε;

“F” is the tangential stretching force;

“R” is the radius of the equi-dimensional windup drums;

“T” is the measured torque signal, related to the tangential stretching force “F”;

“A” is the instantaneous cross-sectional area of a stretched molten specimen;

“A₀” is the cross-sectional area of the specimen in the solid state (i.e. prior to melting);

“d_(s)” is the solid state density; and

“d_(M)” the melt density of the polymer.

Another physical parameter which is sensitive to crystallinity and macro-structural effects is the so-called multi-branching index (MBI), as will be explained below in further detail.

Similarly to the measurement of SHI@1 s⁻¹, a strain hardening index (SHI) can be determined at different strain rates. A strain hardening index (SHI) is defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺, lg(η_(E) ⁺), as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain ε, lg(ε), between Hencky strains 1.00 and 3.00 at a temperature of 180° C., wherein a SHI@0.1 s⁻¹ is determined with a deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 0.10 s⁻¹, a SHI@0.3 s⁻¹ is determined with a deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 0.30 s⁻¹, a SHI@3.0 s⁻¹ is determined with a deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 3.00 s⁻¹, a SHI@10.0 s⁻¹ is determined with a deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 10.0 S⁻¹. In comparing the strain hardening index (SHI) at those five strain rates {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 0.10, 0.30, 1.00, 3.00 and 10.00 s⁻¹, the slope of the strain hardening index (SHI) as function of the logarithm on the basis 10 of {dot over (ε)}_(H), lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)), is a characteristic measure for short-chain-branching. Therefore, a multi-branching index (MBI) is defined as the slope of the strain hardening index (SHI) as a function of lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)), i.e. the slope of a linear fitting curve of the strain hardening index (SHI) versus lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)) applying the least square method, preferably the strain hardening index (SHI) is defined at deformation rates {dot over (ε)}_(H) between 0.05 s⁻¹ and 20.00 s⁻¹, more preferably between 0.10 s⁻¹ and 10.00 s⁻¹, still more preferably at the deformations rates 0.10, 0.30, 1.00, 3.00 and 10.00 s⁻¹. Yet more preferably the SHI-values determined by the deformations rates 0.10, 0.30, 1.00, 3.00 and 10.00 s⁻¹ are used for the linear fit according to the least square method when establishing the multi-branching index (MBI).

Preferably, the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has a multi-branching index (MBI) of at least 0.10, more preferably at least 0.15, yet more preferably the multi-branching index (MBI) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.30. In a preferred embodiment the polypropylene has a multi-branching index (MBI) in the range of 0.15 to 0.30.

The polypropylene component of the film of the present technology is characterized by the fact that the strain hardening index (SHI) increases to some extent with the deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) (i.e. short-chain branched polypropylenes), i.e. a phenomenon which is not observed in linear polypropylenes. Single branched polymer types (so called Y polymers having a backbone with a single long side-chain and an architecture which resembles a “Y”) or H-branched polymer types (two polymer chains coupled with a bridging group and a architecture which resemble an “H”) as well as linear polymers do not show such a relationship, i.e. the strain hardening index (SHI) is not influenced by the deformation rate (see FIG. 2). Accordingly, the strain hardening index (SHI) of known polymers, in particular known polypropylenes, does not increase with increase of the deformation rate (dε/dt). Industrial conversion processes which imply elongational flow operate at very fast extension rates. Hence the advantage of a material which shows more pronounced strain hardening (measured by the strain hardening index SHI) at high strain rates becomes obvious. The faster the material is stretched, the higher the strain hardening index and hence the more stable the material will be in conversion.

When measured on capacitor film, the multi-branching index (MBI) is at least 0.10, more preferably of at least 0.15, yet more preferably the multi-branching index (MBI) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.30. In a preferred embodiment the capacitor film has a multi-branching index (MBI) in the range of 0.15 to 0.30.

Additionally the polypropylene of the capacitor film of the present technology has preferably a branching index g′ of less than 1.00. Still more preferably the branching index g′ is more than 0.7. Thus it is preferred that the branching index g′ of the polypropylene is in the range of more than 0.7 to below 1.0, more preferred in the range of more than 0.7 to 0.95, still more preferred in the range of 0.75 to 0.95. The branching index g′ defines the degree of branching and correlates with the amount of branches of a polymer. The branching index g′ is defined as g′=[IV]_(br)/[IV]_(lin) in which g′ is the branching index, [IV_(br)] is the intrinsic viscosity of the branched polypropylene and [IV]_(lin) is the intrinsic viscosity of the linear polypropylene having the same weight average molecular weight (within a range of ±3%) as the branched polypropylene. Thereby, a low g′-value is an indicator for a high branched polymer. In other words, if the g′-value decreases, the branching of the polypropylene increases. Reference is made in this context to B. H. Zimm and W. H. Stockmeyer, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 1301 (1949). This document is herewith included by reference.

The intrinsic viscosity needed for determining the branching index g′ is measured according to DIN ISO 1628/1, October 1999 (in decalin at 135° C.).

When measured on the capacitor film, the branching index g′ is preferably in the range of more than 0.7 to below 1.0.

For further information concerning the measuring methods applied to obtain the relevant data for the branching index g′, the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺, the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H), the Hencky strain ε and the multi-branching index (MBI) it is referred to the example section.

Moreover it is preferred that the capacitor film according to the present technology is further specified by its lamellar thickness distribution. It has been recognized that higher electrical breakdown strength is achievable in case the polymer comprises rather high amounts of thin lamellae. Thus the acceptance of the film as a capacitor film is independent from the amounts of impurities present in the polypropylene but from its crystalline properties. The stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST) provides a possibility to determine the lamellar thickness distribution. Rather high amounts of polymer fractions crystallizing at lower temperatures indicate a rather high amount of thin lamellae. Thus the inventive capacitor film and/or the polypropylene of the film comprise(s) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST), wherein said crystalline fraction comprises a part which during subsequent-melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min melts at or below 140° C. and said part represents at least 10 wt %, more preferably at least 15 wt-%, still more preferably at least 20 wt-% and yet more preferably at least 25 wt-% of said crystalline fraction. Alternatively, the inventive capacitor film and/or the polypropylene of the film comprise(s) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST), wherein said crystalline fraction comprises a part which during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature of the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene material, and said part represents at least 45 wt-%, more preferably at least 50 wt-%, yet more preferably at least 55 wt-%, of said crystalline fraction. Further details about SIST are provided below in the examples.

In addition it is preferred that the crystalline fraction which crystallizes between 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST) is at least 90 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene, more preferably at least 95 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene and yet more preferably 98 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene.

In a second embodiment the present technology provides an electrical insulation film, like a capacitor film, comprising a polypropylene, wherein the film and/or the polypropylene of the film:

a) has/have xylene solubles (XS) of at least 0.5 wt.-%; and

b) comprise(s) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST), wherein said crystalline fraction comprises a part which during subsequent-melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min melts at or below 140° C. and said part represents at least 10 wt %, more preferably at least 20 wt-%, of said crystalline fraction.

Alternatively, the second embodiment the present technology provides an electrical insulation film, like a capacitor film, comprising a polypropylene, wherein the film and/or the polypropylene of the film:

a) has/have xylene solubles (XS) of at least 0.5 wt.-%; and

b) comprise(s) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST), wherein said crystalline fraction comprises a part which during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature, and said part represents at least 45 wt-%, more preferably at least 50 wt-%, yet more preferably at least 55 wt-%, of said crystalline fraction.

Surprisingly, it has been found that capacitor films comprising a polypropylene with such characteristics have superior properties compared to the films known in the art. Especially, the inventive capacitor films have high values of electrical breakdown strength also in case relatively high amounts of impurities are present in the film. Thus no troublesome washing steps are necessary as by polypropylenes known in the art. Moreover the capacitor films according to the present technology have in addition a high temperature resistance and are obtainable at high process stability and low process temperature. Moreover and surprisingly the inventive film has in addition good mechanical properties as a high stiffness expressed in tensile modulus. Additionally it has been observed that the new capacitor films according to the present technology show a significant increase of electrical breakdown strength with increasing the draw ratio.

A first requirement of the second embodiment of the present technology is that the capacitor film comprising a polypropylene and/or the polypropylene itself has/have xylene solubles of some extent, i.e. of at least 0.50 wt.-%. Xylene solubles are the part of the polymer soluble in cold xylene determined by dissolution in boiling xylene and letting the insoluble part crystallize from the cooling solution (for the method see below in the experimental part). The xylene solubles fraction contains polymer chains of low stereo-regularity and is an indication for the amount of non-crystalline areas.

Preferably, the polypropylene component of the film has xylene solubles of more than 0.60 wt.-%. On the other hand, the amount of xylene solubles should not be too high since they represent a potential contamination risk. Accordingly it is preferred that the xylene solubles are not more than 1.50 wt.-%, still more preferably not more than 1.35 wt.-% and yet more preferably not more than 1.00 wt.-%. In preferred embodiments the xylene solubles are in the range of 0.50 to 1.50 wt.-%, yet more preferably in the range of 0.60 to 1.35 wt.-%, and still more preferably in the range of 0.60 to 1.00 wt.-%.

Preferably, the capacitor film has xylene solubles of not more than 1.50 wt.-%, more preferably of not more than 1.35 wt.-%. More preferably, the film has xylene solubles in the range of 0.50 wt.-% to 1.35 wt. %, even more preferably 0.60 wt.-% to 1.35 wt.-%, and most preferably 0.60 wt.-% to 1.00 wt.-%.

The capacitor film according to the present technology is further specified by its lamellar thickness distribution. It has been recognized that higher electrical breakdown strength is achievable in case the polymer comprises rather high amounts of thin lamellae. Thus the acceptance of the film as a capacitor film is independent from the amounts of impurities present in the polypropylene but from its crystalline properties. The stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST) provides a possibility to determine the lamellar thickness distribution. Rather high amounts of polymer fractions crystallizing at lower temperatures indicate a rather high amount of thin lamellae. Thus the inventive capacitor film and/or the polypropylene of the film comprise(s) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST), wherein said crystalline fraction comprises a part which during subsequent-melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min melts at or below 140° C. and said part represents at least 10 wt %, more preferably at least 15 wt-%, still more preferably at least 20 wt-% and yet more preferably at least 25 wt-% of said crystalline fraction. Further details about SIST are provided below in the examples.

In addition it is preferred that the crystalline fraction which crystallizes between 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST) is at least 90 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene, more preferably at least 95 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene and yet more preferably 98 wt.-% of the total film and/or the total polypropylene.

Moreover, the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the film according to the present technology is/are preferably characterized by extensional melt flow properties. The extensional flow, or deformation that involves the stretching of a viscous material, is the dominant type of deformation in converging and squeezing flows that occur in typical polymer processing operations. Extensional melt flow measurements are particularly useful in polymer characterization because they are very sensitive to the molecular structure of the polymeric system being tested. When the true strain rate of extension, also referred to as the Hencky strain rate, is constant, simple extension is said to be a “strong flow” in the sense that it can generate a much higher degree of molecular orientation and stretching than flows in simple shear. As a consequence, extensional flows are very sensitive to crystallinity and macro-structural effects, such as short-chain branching, and as such can be far more descriptive with regard to polymer characterization than other types of bulk rheological measurement which apply shear flow.

Accordingly one requirement of the present technology is that the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has/have a strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) of at least 0.15, more preferred of at least 0.20, yet more preferred the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is in the range of 0.15 to 0.30, like 0.15 to below 0.30, and still yet more preferred in the range of 0.15 to 0.29. In a further embodiment it is preferred that the capacitor film and/or the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has/have a strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) in the range of 0.20 to 0.30, like 0.20 to below 0.30, more preferred in the range of 0.20 to 0.29.

The strain hardening index is a measure for the strain hardening behavior of the polypropylene melt. Moreover values of the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) of more than 0.10 indicate a non-linear polymer, i.e. a short-chain branched polymer. In the present technology, the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is measured by a deformation rate dε/dt of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C. for determining the strain hardening behavior, wherein the strain hardening index (SHI@1 s⁻¹) is defined as the slope of the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺ as a function of the Hencky strain ε on a logarithmic scale between 1.00 and 3.00 (see FIG. 1). Thereby the Hencky strain ε is defined by the formula ε={dot over (ε)}_(H)·t, wherein the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) is defined by the formula:

${{\overset{.}{ɛ}}_{H} = \frac{2 \cdot \Omega \cdot R}{L_{0}}};$

with

“L₀” is the fixed, unsupported length of the specimen sample being stretched which is equal to the centerline distance between the master and slave drums;

“R” is the radius of the equi-dimensional windup drums; and

“Ω” is a constant drive shaft rotation rate.

In turn the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺ is defined by the formula:

${{\eta_{E}^{+}(ɛ)} = \frac{F(ɛ)}{{\overset{.}{ɛ}}_{H} \cdot {A(ɛ)}}};{with}$ T(ɛ) = 2 ⋅ R ⋅ F(ɛ); and ${{A(ɛ)} = {A_{0} \cdot \left( \frac{\,_{S}}{\,_{M}} \right)^{2/3} \cdot {\exp \left( {- ɛ} \right)}}};{wherein}$

the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) is defined as for the Hencky strain ε;

“F” is the tangential stretching force;

“R” is the radius of the equi-dimensional windup drums;

“T” is the measured torque signal, related to the tangential stretching force “F”;

“A” is the instantaneous cross-sectional area of a stretched molten specimen;

“A₀” is the cross-sectional area of the specimen in the solid state (i.e. prior to melting);

“d_(s)” is the solid state density; and

“d_(M)” the melt density of the polymer.

Another physical parameter which is sensitive to crystallinity and macro-structural effects is the so-called multi-branching index (MBI), as will be explained below in further detail.

Concerning to the determination of the multi-branching index (MBI) it is referred to the first embodiment of the present technology.

Preferably, the polypropylene component of the capacitor film has a multi-branching index (MBI) of at least 0.10, more preferably at least 0.15, yet more preferably the multi-branching index (MBI) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.30. In a preferred embodiment the polypropylene has a multi-branching index (MBI) in the range of 0.15 to 0.30.

The polypropylene component of the capacitor film of the present technology is characterized by the fact that the strain hardening index (SHI) increases to some extent with the deformation rate {dot over (ε)}_(H) (i.e. short-chain branched polypropylenes), i.e. a phenomenon which is not observed in linear polypropylenes. Single branched polymer types (so called Y polymers having a backbone with a single long side-chain and an architecture which resembles a “Y”) or H-branched polymer types (two polymer chains coupled with a bridging group and a architecture which resemble an “H”) as well as linear polymers do not show such a relationship, i.e. the strain hardening index (SHI) is not influenced by the deformation rate (see FIG. 2). Accordingly, the strain hardening index (SHI) of known polymers, in particular known polypropylenes, does not increase with increase of the deformation rate (dε/dt). Industrial conversion processes which imply elongational flow operate at very fast extension rates. Hence the advantage of a material which shows more pronounced strain hardening (measured by the strain hardening index SHI) at high strain rates becomes obvious. The faster the material is stretched, the higher the strain hardening index and hence the more stable the material will be in conversion.

When measured on the capacitor film, the multi-branching index (MBI) is at least 0.10, more preferably of at least 0.15, yet more preferably the multi-branching index (MBI) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.30. In a preferred embodiment the film has a multi-branching index (MBI) in the range of 0.15 to 0.30.

Additionally the polypropylene of the capacitor film of the present technology has preferably a branching index g′ of less than 1.00. Still more preferably the branching index g′ is more than 0.7. Thus it is preferred that the branching index g′ of the polypropylene is in the range of more than 0.7 to below 1.0, more preferred in the range of more than 0.7 to 0.95, still more preferred in the range of 0.75 to 0.95. The branching index g′ defines the degree of branching and correlates with the amount of branches of a polymer. The branching index g′ is defined as g′=[IV]_(br)/[IV]_(lin) in which g′ is the branching index, [IV_(br)] is the intrinsic viscosity of the branched polypropylene and [IV]_(lin) is the intrinsic viscosity of the linear polypropylene having the same weight average molecular weight (within a range of ±3%) as the branched polypropylene. Thereby, a low g′-value is an indicator for a high branched polymer. In other words, if the g′-value decreases, the branching of the polypropylene increases. Reference is made in this context to B. H. Zimm and W. H. Stockmeyer, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 1301 (1949). This document is herewith included by reference.

The intrinsic viscosity needed for determining the branching index g′ is measured according to DIN ISO 1628/1, October 1999 (in decalin at 135° C.).

When measured on the capacitor film, the branching index g′ is preferably in the range of more than 0.7 to below 1.0.

For further information concerning the measuring methods applied to obtain the relevant data for the branching index g′, the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺, the Hencky strain rate {dot over (ε)}_(H), the Hencky strain ε and the multi-branching index (MBI) it is referred to the example section.

The further features mentioned below apply to both embodiments, i.e. the first and the second embodiment as defined above.

The molecular weight distribution (MWD) (also determined herein as polydispersity) is the relation between the numbers of molecules in a polymer and the individual chain length. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) is expressed as the ratio of weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) and number average molecular weight (M_(n)). The number average molecular weight (M_(n)) is an average molecular weight of a polymer expressed as the first moment of a plot of the number of molecules in each molecular weight range against the molecular weight. In effect, this is the total molecular weight of all molecules divided by the number of molecules. In turn, the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) is the first moment of a plot of the weight of polymer in each molecular weight range against molecular weight.

The number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) as well as the molecular weight distribution (MWD) are determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using Waters Alliance GPCV 2000 instrument with online viscometer. The oven temperature is 140° C. Trichlorobenzene is used as a solvent (ISO 16014).

It is preferred that the capacitor film of the present technology comprises a polypropylene which has a weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) from 10,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol, more preferably from 20,000 to 1,500,000 g/mol.

The number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the polypropylene is preferably in the range of 5,000 to 750,000 g/mol, more preferably from 10,000 to 750,000 g/mol.

As a broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) improves the processability of the polypropylene the molecular weight distribution (MWD) is preferably up to 20.00, more preferably up to 10.00, still more preferably up to 8.00. However a rather broad molecular weight distribution simulates sagging. Therefore, in an alternative embodiment the molecular weight distribution (MWD) is preferably between 1.00 to 8.00, still more preferably in the range of 1.00 to 4.00, yet more preferably in the range of 1.00 to 3.50.

Furthermore, it is preferred that the polypropylene component of the film of the present technology has a melt flow rate (MFR) given in a specific range. The melt flow rate mainly depends on the average molecular weight. This is due to the fact that long molecules render the material a lower flow tendency than short molecules. An increase in molecular weight means a decrease in the MFR-value. The melt flow rate (MFR) is measured in g/10 min of the polymer discharged through a defined die under specified temperature and pressure conditions and the measure of viscosity of the polymer which, in turn, for each type of polymer is mainly influenced by its molecular weight but also by its degree of branching. The melt flow rate measured under a load of 2.16 kg at 230° C. (ISO 1133) is denoted as MFR₂. Accordingly, it is preferred that in the present technology the capacitor film comprises a polypropylene which has an MFR₂ up to 10.00 g/10 min, more preferably up to 6.00 g/10 min. In another preferred embodiment the polypropylene has MFR₂ up to 4 g/10 min. A preferred range for the MFR₂ is 1.00 to 10.00 g/10 min, more preferably in the range of 1.00 to 8.00 g/10 min, yet more preferably in the range of 1.00 to 6.00 g/10 min.

As cross-linking has a detrimental effect on the extensional flow properties it is preferred that the polypropylene according to the present technology is non-cross-linked.

More preferably, the polypropylene of the instant technology is isotactic. Thus the polypropylene of the film according to the present technology shall have a rather high isotacticity measured by meso pentad concentration (also referred herein as pentad concentration), i.e. higher than 91%, more preferably higher than 93%, still more preferably higher than 94% and most preferably higher than 95%. On the other hand pentad concentration shall be not higher than 99.5%. The pentad concentration is an indicator for the narrowness in the regularity distribution of the polypropylene and measured by NMR-spectroscopy.

In addition, it is preferred that the polypropylene of the capacitor film has a melting temperature Tm of higher than 148° C., more preferred higher than 150° C. In a preferred embodiment, melting temperature Tm of the polypropylene component is higher than 148° C. but below 156° C. The measuring method for the melting temperature Tm is discussed in the example section.

The melting temperature Tm of the capacitor film is preferably at least 148° C., more preferably at least 150° C. In a preferred embodiment, the melting temperature Tm of the capacitor film is higher than 150° C. but below 160° C.

The capacitor film according to the present technology is preferably biaxially oriented. Still more preferably the capacitor film is in machine and transverse direction stretchable up to a draw ratio of at least 3.5 without breaking, more preferably of at least 4.0 without breaking. In a preferred embodiment the capacitor film according to the present technology has a draw ratio in machine and transverse direction of at least 3.5, more preferably of at least 4.0. The length of the sample increases during stretching in longitudinal direction and the draw ratio in longitudinal direction calculates from the ratio of current length over original sample length. Subsequently, the sample is stretched in transverse direction where the width of the sample is increasing. Hence, the draw ratio calculates from the current width of the sample over the original width of the sample.

Such rather high tensile modulus at a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and a draw ratio of 4 in transverse direction is appreciated since biaxially oriented polypropylene films commercially are stretched with a draw ratio of 4 to 6 in machine direction and with a draw ratio of 5 to 8 in transverse direction.

Preferably, the polypropylene component of the film of the present technology has a tensile modulus of at least 800 MPa, measured according to ISO 527-3 at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min. More preferably, the polypropylene component has a tensile modulus of at least 850 MPa, even more preferably 900 MPa, and yet more preferably at least 1000 MPa.

Preferably, the biaxially oriented polypropylene film of the present technology has a tensile modulus of at least 1800 MPa at a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and a draw ratio of 4 in transverse direction, wherein the tensile modulus is measured according to ISO 527-3 at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min. More preferably, the polypropylene film has a tensile modulus of at least 1900 MPa, even more preferably 1950 MPa, and most preferably at least 2200 MPa at a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and a draw ratio of 4 in transverse direction.

In a preferred embodiment, the film has a stretching stress of at least 2.5 MPa in machine direction and at least 2.5 MPa in transverse direction at a stretching temperature of 152° C. or less and a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and in transverse direction. Preferably, the stretching temperature mentioned above is at least 2° C., more preferably at least 3° C. below the melting temperature of the film.

Moreover it is preferred that the film according to the present technology has an electrical breakdown strength EB63% of at least 230 kV/mm. The measurement of electrical breakdown strength EB63% follows standard IEC 60243-part 1 (1988). Further details about electrical breakdown strength are provided below in the examples.

In addition it is appreciated that the inventive capacitor film has good optical properties. Thus it is preferred that capacitor film has a haze of not more than 15, still more preferred not more than 10 measured according to ASTM D 1003-92. In turn the transparency of the film shall be rather high. Thus it is preferred that the capacitor film has a transparency of at least 90% measured according to ASTM D 1003-92.

Preferably the polypropylene of the film according to the present technology has low levels of impurities, i.e. low levels of aluminium (Al) residue and/or low levels of silicon residue (Si) and/or low levels of boron (B) residue. Accordingly the aluminium residues of the polypropylene can be lowered to a level of 12.00 ppm. On the other hand the properties of the present technology are not detrimentally influenced by the presence of residues. Hence in one preferred embodiment the film according to the present technology comprises a polypropylene which is preferably essentially free of any boron and/or silicon residues, i.e. residues thereof are not detectable (The analysis of residue contents is defined in the example section). In another preferred embodiment the polypropylene of the film according to the present technology comprises boron and/or silicon in detectable amounts, i.e. in amounts of more than 0.10 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, still more preferably in amounts of more than 0.20 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, yet more preferably in amounts of more than 0.50 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues. In still another preferred embodiment the polypropylene component of the film according to the present technology comprises Al residues in an amount of more than 12.00 ppm, even more preferred in an amount of more than 20.00 ppm, yet more preferred in an amount of more than 25.00 ppm. In yet another preferred embodiment the polypropylene component of the film according to the present technology comprises boron and/or silicon in detectable amounts, i.e. in amounts of more than 0.20 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, and aluminium residues in an amount of more than 12.00 ppm, even more preferred in an amount of more than 20.00 ppm and yet more preferred in an amount of more than 25.00 ppm.

Moreover preferably the capacitor film according to the present technology has low levels of impurities, i.e. low levels of aluminium (Al) residue and/or low levels of silicon residue (Si) and/or low levels of boron (B) residue. Accordingly the aluminium residues of the film can be lowered to a level of 12.00 ppm. On the other hand the properties of the present technology are not detrimentally influenced by the presence of residues. Hence in one preferred embodiment the film according to the present technology is preferably essentially free of any boron and/or silicon residues, i.e. residues thereof are not detectable (The analysis of residue contents is defined in the example section). In another preferred embodiment the film according to the present technology comprises boron and/or silicon in detectable amounts, i.e. in amounts of more than 0.10 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, still more preferably in amounts of more than 0.20 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, yet more preferably in amounts of more than 0.50 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues. In still another preferred embodiment the film according to the present technology comprises Al residues in an amount of more than 12.00 ppm, even more preferred in an amount of more than 20.00 ppm and yet more preferred in an amount of more than 25.00 ppm. In yet another preferred embodiment the film according to the present technology comprises boron and/or silicon in detectable amounts, i.e. in amounts of more than 0.20 ppm of boron residues and/or silicon residues, and aluminium residues in an amount of more than 12.00 ppm, even more preferred in an amount of more than 20.00 ppm and yet more preferred in an amount of more than 25.00 ppm.

In a preferred embodiment the polypropylene as defined above (and further defined below) is preferably unimodal. In another preferred embodiment the polypropylene as defined above (and further defined below) is preferably multimodal, more preferably bimodal.

“Multimodal” or “multimodal distribution” describes a frequency distribution that has several relative maxima (contrary to unimodal having only one maximum). In particular, the expression “modality of a polymer” refers to the form of its molecular weight distribution (MWD) curve, i.e. the appearance of the graph of the polymer weight fraction as a function of its molecular weight. If the polymer is produced in the sequential step process, i.e. by utilizing reactors coupled in series, and using different conditions in each reactor, the different polymer fractions produced in the different reactors each have their own molecular weight distribution which may considerably differ from one another. The molecular weight distribution curve of the resulting final polymer can be seen at a super-imposing of the molecular weight distribution curves of the polymer fraction which will, accordingly, show a more distinct maxima, or at least be distinctively broadened compared with the curves for individual fractions.

A polymer showing such molecular weight distribution curve is called bimodal or multimodal, respectively.

In case the polypropylene of the capacitor film is not unimodal it is preferably bimodal.

The polypropylene of the film according to the present technology can be a homopolymer or a copolymer. In case the polypropylene is unimodal the polypropylene is preferably a polypropylene homopolymer. In turn in case the polypropylene is multimodal, more preferably bimodal, the polypropylene can be a polypropylene homopolymer as well as a polypropylene copolymer. However it is in particular preferred that in case the polypropylene is multimodal, more preferably bimodal, the polypropylene is a polypropylene homopolymer. Furthermore it is preferred that at least one of the fractions of the multimodal polypropylene is a short-chain branched polypropylene, preferably a short-chain branched polypropylene homopolymer, as defined above.

The polypropylene of the capacitor film according to the present technology is most preferably a unimodal polypropylene homopolymer.

The expression polypropylene homopolymer as used in the present technology relates to a polypropylene that consists substantially, i.e. of at least 97 wt %, preferably of at least 99 wt %, and most preferably of at least 99.8 wt % of propylene units. In a preferred embodiment only propylene units in the polypropylene homopolymer are detectable. The comonomer content can be measured with FT infrared spectroscopy. Further details are provided below in the examples.

In case the polypropylene of the film according to the present technology is a multimodal or bimodal polypropylene copolymer, it is preferred that the comonomer is ethylene. However, also other comonomers known in the art are suitable. Preferably, the total amount of comonomer, more preferably ethylene, in the propylene copolymer is up to 30 wt %, more preferably up to 25 wt %.

In a preferred embodiment, the multimodal or bimodal polypropylene copolymer is a polypropylene copolymer comprising a polypropylene homopolymer matrix being a short chain branched polypropylene as defined above and an ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR).

The polypropylene homopolymer matrix can be unimodal or multimodal, i.e. bimodal. However it is preferred that polypropylene homopolymer matrix is unimodal.

Preferably, the ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) in the total multimodal or bimodal polypropylene copolymer is up to 50 wt %. More preferably the amount of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) in the total multimodal or bimodal polypropylene copolymer is in the range of 10 to 40 wt %, still more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 wt %.

In addition, it is preferred that the multimodal or bimodal polypropylene copolymer comprises a polypropylene homopolymer matrix being a short chain branched polypropylene as defined above and an ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) with an ethylene-content of up to 50 wt %.

In addition, it is preferred that the polypropylene as defined above is produced in the presence of the catalyst as defined below. Furthermore, for the production of the polypropylene as defined above, the process as stated below is preferably used.

The polypropylene of the capacitor film according to the present technology has been in particular obtained by a new catalyst system. This new catalyst system comprises a symmetric catalyst, whereby the catalyst system has a porosity of less than 1.40 ml/g, more preferably less than 1.30 ml/g and most preferably less than 1.00 ml/g. The porosity has been measured according to DIN 66135 (N₂). In another preferred embodiment the porosity is not detectable when determined with the method applied according to DIN 66135 (N₂).

A symmetric catalyst according to the present technology is a metallocene compound having a C₂-symetry. Preferably the C₂-symetric metallocene comprises two identical organic ligands, still more preferably comprises only two organic ligands which are identical, yet more preferably comprises only two organic ligands which are identical and linked via a bridge.

Said symmetric catalyst is preferably a single site catalyst (SSC).

Due to the use of the catalyst system with a very low porosity comprising a symmetric catalyst the manufacture of the above defined short-chain branched polypropylene is possible.

Furthermore it is preferred, that the catalyst system has a surface area of lower than 25 m²/g, yet more preferred lower than 20 m²/g, still more preferred lower than 15 m²/g, yet still lower than 10 m²/g and most preferred lower than 5 m²/g. The surface area according to the present technology is measured according to ISO 9277 (N₂).

It is in particular preferred that the catalytic system according to the present technology comprises a symmetric catalyst, i.e. a catalyst as defined above and in further detail below, and has porosity not detectable when applying the method according to DIN 66135 (N₂) and has a surface area measured according to ISO 9277 (N₂) of less than 5 m²/g.

Preferably the symmetric catalyst compound, i.e. the C₂-symetric metallocene, has the formula (I):

(Cp)₂R₁MX₂  (I);

wherein:

M is Zr, Hf or Ti, more preferably Zr; and

X is independently a monovalent anionic ligand, such as σ-ligand;

R is a bridging group linking the two Cp ligands;

Cp is an organic ligand selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted cyclopenadienyl, unsubstituted indenyl, unsubstituted tetrahydroindenyl, unsubstituted fluorenyl, substituted cyclopenadienyl, substituted indenyl, substituted tetrahydroindenyl, and substituted fluorenyl;

with the proviso that both Cp-ligands are selected from the above stated group and both Cp-ligands are chemically the same, i.e. are identical.

The term “σ-ligand” is understood in the whole description in a known manner, i.e. a group bonded to the metal at one or more places via a sigma bond. A preferred monovalent anionic ligand is halogen, in particular chlorine (Cl).

Preferably, the symmetric catalyst is of formula (I) indicated above, wherein:

M is Zr; and

each X is Cl.

Preferably both identical Cp-ligands are substituted.

The optional one or more substituent(s) bonded to cyclopenadienyl, indenyl, tetrahydroindenyl, or fluorenyl may be selected from a group including halogen, hydrocarbyl (e.g. C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl or C₇-C₂₀-arylalkyl), C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl which contains 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom(s) in the ring moiety, C₆-C₂₀-heteroaryl, C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl, —SiR″₃, —OSiR″₃, —SR″, —PR″₂ and —NR″₂, wherein each R″ is independently a hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, e.g. C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl or C₆-C₂₀-aryl.

More preferably both identical Cp-ligands are indenyl moieties wherein each indenyl moiety bear one or two substituents as defined above. More preferably each of the identical Cp-ligands is an indenyl moiety bearing two substituents as defined above, with the proviso that the substituents are chosen in such are manner that both Cp-ligands are of the same chemical structure, i.e both Cp-ligands have the same substituents bonded to chemically the same indenyl moiety.

Still more preferably both identical Cp's are indenyl moieties wherein the indenyl moieties comprise at least at the five membered ring of the indenyl moiety, more preferably at 2-position, a substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl, such as C₁-C₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and trialkyloxysiloxy, wherein each alkyl is independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl, with proviso that the indenyl moieties of both Cp are of the same chemical structure, i.e both Cp-ligands have the same substituents bonded to chemically the same indenyl moiety.

Still more preferred both identical Cp are indenyl moieties wherein the indenyl moieties comprise at least at the six membered ring of the indenyl moiety, more preferably at 4-position, a substituent selected from the group consisting of a C₆-C₂₀ aromatic ring moiety, such as phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents, such as C₁-C₆ alkyl, and a heteroaromatic ring moiety, with proviso that the indenyl moieties of both Cp are of the same chemical structure, i.e both Cp-ligands have the same substituents bonded to chemically the same indenyl moiety.

Yet more preferably both identical Cp are indenyl moieties wherein the indenyl moieties comprise at the five membered ring of the indenyl moiety, more preferably at 2-position, a substituent and at the six membered ring of the indenyl moiety, more preferably at 4-position, a further substituent, wherein the substituent of the five membered ring is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, such as C₁-C₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and trialkyloxysiloxy and the further substituent of the six membered ring is selected from the group consisting of a C₆-C₂₀ aromatic ring moiety, such as phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as C₁-C₆ alkyl, and a heteroaromatic ring moiety, with proviso that the indenyl moieties of both Cp's are of the same chemical structure, i.e both Cp-ligands have the same substituents bonded to chemically the same indenyl moiety.

Concerning the moiety “R” it is preferred that “R” has the formula (II)

—Y(R′)₂—  (II);

wherein:

Y is C, Si or Ge; and

R′ is C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, or C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl or trimethylsilyl.

In case both Cp-ligands of the symmetric catalyst as defined above, in particular case of two indenyl moieties, are linked with a bridge member R, the bridge member R is typically placed at 1-position. The bridge member R may contain one or more bridge atoms selected from e.g. C, Si and/or Ge, preferably from C and/or Si. One preferable bridge R is —Si(R′)₂—, wherein R′ is selected independently from one or more of e.g. trimethylsilyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, such as C₆-C₁₂ aryl, or C₇-C₄₀, such as C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl, wherein alkyl as such or as part of arylalkyl is preferably C₁-C₆ alkyl, such as ethyl or methyl, preferably methyl, and aryl is preferably phenyl. The bridge —Si(R′)₂— is preferably e.g. —Si(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂-, —Si(phenyl)₂- or —Si(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(phenyl)-, such as —Si(Me)₂-.

In a preferred embodiment the symmetric catalyst, i.e. the C₂-symetric metallocene, is defined by the formula (III):

(Cp)₂R₁ZrCl₂  (III)

wherein:

both Cp coordinate to M and are selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted cyclopenadienyl, unsubstituted indenyl, unsubstituted tetrahydroindenyl, unsubstituted fluorenyl, substituted cyclopenadienyl, substituted indenyl, substituted tetrahydroindenyl, and substituted fluorenyl;

with the proviso that both Cp-ligands are chemically the same, i.e. are identical; and

R is a bridging group linking two ligands L;

wherein R is defined by the formula (II):

—Y(R′)₂—  (II)

wherein:

Y is C, Si or Ge; and

R′ is C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, trimethylsilyl, or C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl.

More preferably the symmetric catalyst is defined by the formula (III), wherein both Cp are selected from the group consisting of substituted cyclopenadienyl, substituted indenyl, substituted tetrahydroindenyl, and substituted fluorenyl.

In a preferred embodiment the symmetric catalyst is dimethylsilyl(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl)₂zirkonium dichloride (dimethylsilandiylbis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl)zirkonium dichloride). More preferred said symmetric catalyst is non-silica supported.

The above described symmetric catalyst components are prepared according to the methods described in WO 01/48034.

It is in particular preferred that the symmetric catalyst is obtainable by the emulsion solidification technology as described in WO 03/051934. This document is herewith included in its entirety by reference. Hence the symmetric catalyst is preferably in the form of solid catalyst particles, obtainable by a process comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. preparing a solution of one or more symmetric catalyst         components;     -   b. dispersing said solution in a solvent immiscible therewith to         form an emulsion in which said one or more catalyst components         are present in the droplets of the dispersed phase;     -   c. solidifying said dispersed phase to convert said droplets to         solid particles and optionally recovering said particles to         obtain said catalyst.

Preferably a solvent, more preferably an organic solvent, is used to form said solution. Still more preferably the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of a linear alkane, cyclic alkane, linear alkene, cyclic alkene, aromatic hydrocarbon and halogen-containing hydrocarbon.

Moreover the immiscible solvent forming the continuous phase is an inert solvent, more preferably the immiscible solvent comprises a fluorinated organic solvent and/or a functionalized derivative thereof, still more preferably the immiscible solvent comprises a semi-, highly- or perfluorinated hydrocarbon and/or a functionalized derivative thereof. It is in particular preferred, that said immiscible solvent comprises a perfluorohydrocarbon or a functionalized derivative thereof, preferably C₃-C₃₀ perfluoroalkanes, -alkenes or -cycloalkanes, more preferred C₄-C₁₀ perfluoro-alkanes, -alkenes or -cycloalkanes, particularly preferred perfluorohexane, perfluoroheptane, perfluorooctane or perfluoro (methylcyclohexane) or a mixture thereof.

Furthermore it is preferred that the emulsion comprising said continuous phase and said dispersed phase is a bi- or multiphasic system as known in the art. An emulsifier may be used for forming the emulsion. After the formation of the emulsion system, said catalyst is formed in situ from catalyst components in said solution.

In principle, the emulsifying agent may be any suitable agent which contributes to the formation and/or stabilization of the emulsion and which does not have any adverse effect on the catalytic activity of the catalyst. The emulsifying agent may e.g. be a surfactant based on hydrocarbons optionally interrupted with (a) heteroatom(s), preferably halogenated hydrocarbons optionally having a functional group, preferably semi-, highly- or perfluorinated hydrocarbons as known in the art. Alternatively, the emulsifying agent may be prepared during the emulsion preparation, e.g. by reacting a surfactant precursor with a compound of the catalyst solution. Said surfactant precursor may be a halogenated hydrocarbon with at least one functional group, e.g. a highly fluorinated C₁ to C₃₀ alcohol, which reacts e.g. with a cocatalyst component, such as aluminoxane.

In principle any solidification method can be used for forming the solid particles from the dispersed droplets. According to one preferable embodiment the solidification is effected by a temperature change treatment. Hence the emulsion subjected to gradual temperature change of up to 10° C./min, preferably 0.5 to 6° C./min and more preferably 1 to 5° C./min. Even more preferred the emulsion is subjected to a temperature change of more than 40° C., preferably more than 50° C. within less than 10 seconds, preferably less than 6 seconds.

The recovered particles have preferably an average size range of 5 to 200 μm, more preferably 10 to 100 μm.

Moreover, the form of solidified particles have preferably a spherical shape, a predetermined particles size distribution and a surface area as mentioned above of preferably less than 25 m²/g, still more preferably less than 20 m²/g, yet more preferably less than 15 m²/g, yet still more preferably less than 10 m²/g and most preferably less than 5 m²/g, wherein said particles are obtained by the process as described above.

For further details, embodiments and examples of the continuous and dispersed phase system, emulsion formation method, emulsifying agent and solidification methods reference is made e.g. to the above cited international patent application WO 03/051934.

The above described symmetric catalyst components are prepared according to the methods described in WO 01/48034.

As mentioned above the catalyst system may further comprise an activator as a cocatalyst, as described in WO 03/051934, which is enclosed herein with reference.

Preferred as cocatalysts for metallocenes and non-metallocenes, if desired, are the aluminoxanes, in particular the C₁-C₁₀-alkylaluminoxanes, most particularly methylaluminoxane (MAO). Such aluminoxanes can be used as the sole cocatalyst or together with other cocatalyst(s). Thus besides or in addition to aluminoxanes, other cation complex forming catalysts activators can be used. Said activators are commercially available or can be prepared according to the prior art literature.

Further aluminoxane cocatalysts are described i.a. in WO 94/28034 which is incorporated herein by reference. These are linear or cyclic oligomers of having up to 40, preferably 3 to 20, —(Al(R′″)O)— repeat units (wherein R′″ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀-alkyl (preferably methyl) or C₆-C₁₈-aryl or mixtures thereof).

The use and amounts of such activators are within the skills of an expert in the field. As an example, with the boron activators, 5:1 to 1:5, preferably 2:1 to 1:2, such as 1:1, ratio of the transition metal to boron activator may be used. In case of preferred aluminoxanes, such as methylaluminumoxane (MAO), the amount of Al, provided by aluminoxane, can be chosen to provide a molar ratio of Al:transition metal e.g. in the range of 1 to 10 000, suitably 5 to 8000, preferably 10 to 7000, e.g. 100 to 4000, such as 1000 to 3000. Typically in case of solid (heterogeneous) catalyst the ratio is preferably below 500.

The quantity of cocatalyst to be employed in the catalyst of the present technology is thus variable, and depends on the conditions and the particular transition metal compound chosen in a manner well known to a person skilled in the art.

Any additional components to be contained in the solution comprising the organotransition compound may be added to said solution before or, alternatively, after the dispersing step.

Furthermore, the present technology is related to the use of the above-defined catalyst system for the production of a polypropylene according to the present technology.

In addition, the present technology is related to the process for producing the inventive capacitor film comprising the polypropylene, whereby the catalyst system as defined above is employed. Furthermore it is preferred that the process temperature is higher than 60° C. Preferably, the process is a multi-stage process to obtain multimodal polypropylene as defined above.

Multistage processes include also bulk/gas phase reactors known as multizone gas phase reactors for producing multimodal propylene polymer.

A preferred multistage process is a “loop-gas phase”-process, such as developed by Borealis A/S, Denmark (known as BORSTAR® technology) described e.g. in patent literature, such as in EP 0 887 379 or in WO 92/12182.

Multimodal polymers can be produced according to several processes which are described, e.g. in WO 92/12182, EP 0 887 379 and WO 97/22633.

A multimodal polypropylene according to the present technology is produced preferably in a multi-stage process in a multi-stage reaction sequence as described in WO 92/12182. The contents of this document are included herein by reference.

It has previously been known to produce multimodal, in particular bimodal, polypropylene in two or more reactors connected in series, i.e. in different steps (a) and (b).

According to the present technology, the main polymerization stages are preferably carried out as a combination of a bulk polymerization/gas phase polymerization.

The bulk polymerizations are preferably performed in a so-called loop reactor.

In order to produce the multimodal polypropylene according to the present technology, a flexible mode is preferred. For this reason, it is preferred that the composition be produced in two main polymerization stages in combination of loop reactor/gas phase reactor.

Optionally, and preferably, the process may also comprise a prepolymerization step in a manner known in the field and which may precede the polymerization step (a).

If desired, a further elastomeric comonomer component, so called ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) component as in the present technology, may be incorporated into the obtained polypropylene homopolymer matrix to form a propylene copolymer as defined above. The ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) component may preferably be produced after the gas phase polymerization step (b) in a subsequent second or further gas phase polymerizations using one or more gas phase reactors.

The process is preferably a continuous process.

Preferably, in the process for producing the propylene polymer as defined above the conditions for the bulk reactor of step (a) may be as follows:

-   -   the temperature is within the range of 40° C. to 110° C.,         preferably between 60° C. and 100° C., 70 to 90° C.;     -   the pressure is within the range of 20 bar to 80 bar, preferably         between 30 bar to 60 bar;     -   hydrogen can be added for controlling the molar mass in a manner         known per se.

Subsequently, the reaction mixture from the bulk (bulk) reactor (step a) is transferred to the gas phase reactor, i.e. to step (b), whereby the conditions in step (b) are preferably as follows:

-   -   the temperature is within the range of 50° C. to 130° C.,         preferably between 60° C. and 100° C.;     -   the pressure is within the range of 5 bar to 50 bar, preferably         between 15 bar to 35 bar;     -   hydrogen can be added for controlling the molar mass in a manner         known per se.

The residence time can vary in both reactor zones. In one embodiment of the process for producing the propylene polymer the residence time in bulk reactor, e.g. loop is in the range 0.5 to 5 hours, e.g. 0.5 to 2 hours and the residence time in gas phase reactor will generally be 1 to 8 hours.

If desired, the polymerization may be effected in a known manner under supercritical conditions in the bulk, preferably loop reactor, and/or as a condensed mode in the gas phase reactor.

The process of the present technology or any embodiments thereof above enable highly feasible means for producing and further tailoring the propylene polymer composition within the present technology, e.g. the properties of the polymer composition can be adjusted or controlled in a known manner e.g. with one or more of the following process parameters: temperature, hydrogen feed, comonomer feed, propylene feed e.g. in the gas phase reactor, catalyst, the type and amount of an external donor (if used), split between components.

The above process enables very feasible means for obtaining the reactor-made polypropylene as defined above.

The capacitor film can be prepared by conventional drawing processes known in the art. Accordingly the process for the manufacture of a capacitor film according to the present technology comprises the use of the polypropylene as defined herein and its forming into a film, preferably into a cast film. Typically, a cast film is prepared first by extrusion of polypropylene pellets. Prepared cast films may typically have a thickness of 50-100 μm as used for further film stretching. Subsequently, a staple of cast films can be prepared from a number of cast film sheets to achieve a specific staple thickness, e.g. 700-1000 μm. The stretching temperature is typically set to a temperature slightly below the melting point, e.g. 2-4° C. below the melting point, and the film is stretched at a specific draw ratio in machine direction and transverse direction.

Moreover the present technology is directed to the use of the capacitor film as defined herein in a capacitor.

In addition, the present technology is directed to a capacitor comprising at least on layer comprising a capacitor film as defined herein.

The present technology will now be described in further detail by the following examples.

EXAMPLES 1. Definitions/Measuring Methods

The following definitions of terms and determination methods apply for the above general description of the present technology as well as to the below examples unless otherwise defined.

A. Pentad Concentration

For the meso pentad concentration analysis, also referred herein as pentad concentration analysis, the assignment analysis is undertaken according to T Hayashi, Pentad concentration, R. Chujo and T. Asakura, Polymer 29 138-43 (1988) and Chujo R, et al., Polymer 35 339 (1994).

B. Multi-Branching Index 1. Acquiring the Experimental Data

Polymer is melted at T=180° C. and stretched with the SER Universal Testing Platform as described below at deformation rates of dε/dt=0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 and 10 s⁻¹ in subsequent experiments. The method to acquire the raw data is described in Sentmanat et al., J. Rheol. 2005, Measuring the Transient Elongational Rheology of Polyethylene Melts Using the SER Universal Testing Platform.

Experimental Setup

A Paar Physica MCR300, equipped with a TC30 temperature control unit and an oven CTT600 (convection and radiation heating) and a SERVP01-025 extensional device with temperature sensor and a software RHEOPLUS/32 v2.66 is used.

Sample Preparation

Stabilized Pellets are compression moulded at 220° C. (gel time 3 min, pressure time 3 min, total moulding time 3+3=6 min) in a mould at a pressure sufficient to avoid bubbles in the specimen, cooled to room temperature. From such prepared plate of 0.7 mm thickness, stripes of a width of 10 mm and a length of 18 mm are cut.

Check of the SER Device

Because of the low forces acting on samples stretched to thin thicknesses, any essential friction of the device would deteriorate the precision of the results and has to be avoided.

In order to make sure that the friction of the device less than a threshold of 5×10−3 mNm (Milli-Newtonmeter) which is required for precise and correct measurements, following check procedure is performed prior to each measurement:

-   -   The device is set to test temperature (180° C.) for minimum 20         minutes without sample in presence of the clamps     -   A standard test with 0.3 s⁻¹ is performed with the device on         test temperature (180° C.)     -   The torque (measured in mNm) is recorded and plotted against         time     -   The torque must not exceed a value of 5×10⁻³ mNm to make sure         that the friction of the device is in an acceptably low range

Conducting the Experiment

The device is heated for min. 20 min to the test temperature (180° C. measured with the thermocouple attached to the SER device) with clamps but without sample. Subsequently, the sample (0.7×10×18 mm), prepared as described above, is clamped into the hot device. The sample is allowed to melt for 2 minutes +/−20 seconds before the experiment is started.

During the stretching experiment under inert atmosphere (nitrogen) at constant Hencky strain rate, the torque is recorded as function of time at isothermal conditions (measured and controlled with the thermocouple attached to the SER device).

After stretching, the device is opened and the stretched film (which is winded on the drums) is inspected. Homogenous extension is required. It can be judged visually from the shape of the stretched film on the drums if the sample stretching has been homogenous or not. The tape must me wound up symmetrically on both drums, but also symmetrically in the upper and lower half of the specimen.

If symmetrical stretching is confirmed hereby, the transient elongational viscosity calculates from the recorded torque as outlined below.

2. Evaluation

For each of the different strain rates dε/dt applied, the resulting tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺(dε/dt, t) is plotted against the total Hencky strain ε to determine the strain hardening behaviour of the melt, see FIG. 1.

In the range of Hencky strains between 1.0 and 3.0, the tensile stress growth function η_(E) ⁺ can be well fitted with a function:

η_(E) ⁺({dot over (ε)},ε)=c ₁·ε^(c) ^(2;)

where c₁ and c₂ are fitting variables. Such derived c₂ is a measure for the strain hardening behavior of the melt and called Strain Hardening Index SHI.

Dependent on the polymer architecture, SHI can:

be independent of the strain rate (linear materials, Y- or H-structures)

increase with strain rate (short chain-, hyper- or multi-branched structures).

This is illustrated in FIG. 2.

For polyethylene, linear (HDPE), short-chain branched (LLDPE) and hyperbranched structures (LDPE) are well known and hence they are used to illustrate the structural analytics based on the results on extensional viscosity. They are compared with a polypropylene with Y and H-structures with regard to their change of the strain-hardening behavior as function of strain rate, see FIG. 2 and Table 1.

To illustrate the determination of SHI at different strain rates as well as the multi-branching index (MBI) four polymers of known chain architecture are examined with the analytical procedure described above.

The first polymer is a H- and Y-shaped polypropylene homopolymer made according to EP 879 830 (“A”). It has a MFR230/2.16 of 2.0 g/10 min, a tensile modulus of 1950 MPa and a branching index g′ of 0.7.

The second polymer is a commercial hyperbranched LDPE, Borealis “B”, made in a high pressure process known in the art. It has a MFR190/2.16 of 4.5 and a density of 923 kg/m³.

The third polymer is a short chain branched LLDPE, Borealis “C”, made in a low pressure process known in the art. It has a MFR190/2.16 of 1.2 and a density of 919 kg/m³.

The fourth polymer is a linear HDPE, Borealis “D”, made in a low pressure process known in the art. It has a MFR190/2.16 of 4.0 and a density of 954 kg/m³.

The four materials of known chain architecture are investigated by means of measurement of the transient elongational viscosity at 180° C. at strain rates of 0.10, 0.30, 1.0, 3.0 and 10 s⁻¹. Obtained data (transient elongational viscosity versus Hencky strain) is fitted with a function:

η_(E) ⁺ =c ₁*ε^(c) ^(2:)

for each of the mentioned strain rates. The parameters c1 and c2 are found through plotting the logarithm of the transient elongational viscosity against the logarithm of the Hencky strain and performing a linear fit of this data applying the least square method. The parameter c1 calculates from the intercept of the linear fit of the data lg(η_(E) ⁺) versus lg(ε) from:

c₁=10_(Intercept);

and c₂ is the strain hardening index (SHI) at the particular strain rate.

This procedure is done for all five strain rates and hence, SHI@0.1 s⁻¹, SHI@0.3 s⁻¹, SHI@1.0 s⁻¹, SHI@3.0 s⁻¹, SHI@10 s⁻¹ are determined, see FIG. 1.

TABLE 1 SHI-values short- Y and H multi- chain lg branched branched branched linear dε/dt (dε/dt) Property A B C D 0.1 −1.0 SHI@0.1 s⁻¹ 2.05 — 0.03 0.03 0.3 −0.5 SHI@0.3 s⁻¹ — 1.36 0.08 0.03 1 0.0 SHI@1.0 s⁻¹ 2.19 1.65 0.12 0.11 3 0.5 SHI@3.0 s⁻¹ — 1.82 0.18 0.01 10 1.0 SHI@10 s⁻¹ 2.14 2.06 — —

From the strain hardening behaviour measured by the values of the SHI@ 1 s⁻¹ one can already clearly distinguish between two groups of polymers: Linear and short-chain branched have a SHI@1 s⁻¹ significantly smaller than 0.30. In contrast, the Y and H-branched as well as hyperbranched materials have a SHI@1 s⁻¹ significantly larger than 0.30.

In comparing the strain hardening index at those five strain rates {dot over (ε)}_(H) of 0.10, 0.30, 1.0, 3.0 and 10 s⁻¹, the slope of SHI as function of the logarithm of {dot over (ε)}_(H), lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)) is a characteristic measure for multi-branching. Therefore, a multi-branching index (MBI) is calculated from the slope of a linear fitting curve of SHI versus lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)):

SHI({dot over (ε)}_(H))=c3+MBI*lg({dot over (ε)}_(H));

The parameters c3 and MBI are found through plotting the SHI against the logarithm of the Hencky strain rate lg({dot over (ε)}_(H)) and performing a linear fit of this data applying the least square method. Please confer to FIG. 2.

TABLE 2 MBI-values Y and H short-chain Property branched A multibranched B branched C linear D MBI 0.04 0.45 0.10 0.01

The multi-branching index MBI allows now to distinguish between Y or H-branched polymers which show a MBI smaller than 0.05 and hyperbranched polymers which show a MBI larger than 0.15. Further, it allows to distinguish between short-chain branched polymers with MBI larger than 0.10 and linear materials which have a MBI smaller than 0.10.

Similar results can be observed when comparing different polypropylenes, i.e. polypropylenes with rather high branched structures have higher SHI and MBI-values, respectively, compared to their linear and short-chain counterparts. Similar to the linear low density polyethylenes the new developed polypropylenes show a certain degree of short-chain branching. However the polypropylenes according to the instant technology are clearly distinguished in the SHI and MBI-values when compared to known linear low density polyethylenes. Without being bound on this theory, it is believed, that the different SHI and MBI-values are the result of a different branching architecture. For this reason the new found branched polypropylenes according to the present technology are designated as short-chain branched.

Combining both, strain hardening index and multi-branching index, the chain architecture can be assessed as indicated in Table 3:

Table 3: Strain Hardening Index (SHI) and Multi-branching Index (MBI) for various chain architectures

TABLE 3 Strain Hardening Index (SHI) and Multi-branching Index (MBI) for various chain architectures Y and H short-chain Property branched Multi-branched branched linear SHI@1.0 s⁻¹ >0.30 >0.30 ≦0.30 ≦0.30 MBI ≦0.10 >0.10 >0.10 ≦0.10

C. Elementary Analysis

The below described elementary analysis is used for determining the content of elementary residues which are mainly originating from the catalyst, especially the Al-, B-, and Si-residues in the polymer. Said Al-, B- and Si-residues can be in any form, e.g. in elementary or ionic form, which can be recovered and detected from polypropylene using the below described ICP-method. The method can also be used for determining the Ti-content of the polymer. It is understood that also other known methods can be used which would result in similar results.

ICP-Spectrometry (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission)

ICP-instrument: The instrument for determination of Al-, B- and Si-content is ICP Optima 2000 DV, PSN 620785 (supplier Perkin Elmer Instruments, Belgium) with software of the instrument.

Detection limits are 0.10 ppm (Al), 0.10 ppm (B), 0.10 ppm (Si).

The polymer sample was first ashed in a known manner, then dissolved in an appropriate acidic solvent. The dilutions of the standards for the calibration curve are dissolved in the same solvent as the sample and the concentrations chosen so that the concentration of the sample would fall within the standard calibration curve.

ppm: means parts per million by weight;

Ash content: Ash content is measured according to ISO 3451-1 (1997) standard.

Calculated Ash, Al- Si- and B-Content:

The ash and the above listed elements, Al and/or Si and/or B can also be calculated form a polypropylene based on the polymerization activity of the catalyst as exemplified in the examples. These values would give the upper limit of the presence of said residues originating form the catalyst.

Thus the estimate catalyst residue is based on catalyst composition and polymerization productivity, catalyst residues in the polymer can be estimated according to:

Total catalyst residues[ppm]=1/productivity[kg _(PP) /g _(catalyst)]×100;

Al residues[ppm]=w _(Al,catalyst)[%]×total catalyst residues[ppm]/100;

Zr residues[ppm]=w _(Zr,catalyst)[%]×total catalyst residues[ppm]/100;

(Similar calculations apply also for B, Cl and Si residues).

Chlorine residues content: The content of Cl-residues is measured from samples in the known manner using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The instrument was X-ray fluorescention Philips PW2400, PSN 620487, (Supplier: Philips, Belgium) software X47. Detection limit for Cl is 1 ppm.

D. Further Measuring Methods

Particle size distribution: Particle size distribution is measured via Coulter Counter LS 200 at room temperature with n-heptane as medium.

NMR

NMR-spectroscopy measurements:

The ¹³C-NMR spectra of polypropylenes were recorded on Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer at 130° C. from samples dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/benzene-d6 (90/10 w/w). For the pentad analysis the assignment is done according to the methods described in literature: (T. Hayashi, Y. Inoue, R. Chüjö, and T. Asakura, Polymer 29 138-43 (1988) and Chujo R, et al, Polymer 35 339 (1994).

The NMR-measurement was used for determining the mmmm pentad concentration in a manner well known in the art.

Number average molecular weight (M_(n)), weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) are determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using Waters Alliance GPCV 2000 instrument with online viscometer. The oven temperature is 140° C. Trichlorobenzene is used as a solvent (ISO 16014).

The xylene solubles (XS, wt.-%): Analysis according to the known method: 2.0 g of polymer is dissolved in 250 ml p-xylene at 135° C. under agitation. After 30±2 minutes the solution is allowed to cool for 15 minutes at ambient temperature and then allowed to settle for 30 minutes at 25±0.5° C. The solution is filtered and evaporated in nitrogen flow and the residue dried under vacuum at 90° C. until constant weight is reached.

-   -   XS %=(100×m₁×v₀)/(m₀×v₁); wherein

m₀=initial polymer amount (g);

m₁=weight of residue (g);

v₀=initial volume (ml);

V₁=volume of analyzed sample (ml).

Melting temperature Tm, crystallization temperature Tc, and the degree of crystallinity: measured with Mettler TA820 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on 5-10 mg samples. Both crystallization and melting curves were obtained during 10° C./min cooling and heating scans between 30° C. and 225° C. Melting and crystallization temperatures were taken as the peaks of endotherms and exotherms.

Also the melt- and crystallization enthalpy (Hm and Hc) were measured by the DSC method according to ISO 11357-3.

MFR₂: measured according to ISO 1133 (230° C., 2.16 kg load).

Comonomer content is measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) calibrated with ¹³C-NMR. When measuring the ethylene content in polypropylene, a thin film of the sample (thickness about 250 mm) was prepared by hot-pressing. The area of —CH₂-absorption peak (800-650 cm⁻¹) was measured with Perkin Elmer FTIR 1600 spectrometer. The method was calibrated by ethylene content data measured by ¹³C-NMR.

Stiffness Film TD (transversal direction), Stiffness Film MD (machine direction), Elongation at break TD and Elongation at break MD: these are determined according to ISO527-3 (cross head speed: 1 mm/min).

Haze and transparency: are determined: ASTM D1003-92.

Intrinsic viscosity: is measured according to DIN ISO 1628/1, October 1999 (in Decalin at 135° C.).

Porosity: is measured according to DIN 66135.

Surface area: is measured according to ISO 9277.

Stepwise Isothermal Segregation Technique (SIST): The isothermal crystallisation for SIST analysis was performed in a Mettler TA820 DSC on 3±0.5 mg samples at decreasing temperatures between 200° C. and 105° C.

(i) The samples were melted at 225° C. for 5 min.,

(ii) then cooled with 80° C./min to 145° C.

(iii) held for 2 hours at 145° C.,

(iv) then cooled with 80° C./min to 135° C.

(v) held for 2 hours at 135° C.,

(vi) then cooled with 80° C./min to 125° C.

(vii) held for 2 hours at 125° C.,

(viii) then cooled with 80° C./min to 115° C.

(ix) held for 2 hours at 115° C.,

(x) then cooled with 80° C./min to 105° C.

(xi) held for 2 hours at 105° C.

After the last step the sample was cooled down to ambient temperature, and the melting curve was obtained by heating the cooled sample at a heating rate of 110° C./min up to 200° C. All measurements were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. The melt enthalpy is recorded as function of temperature and evaluated through measuring the melt enthalpy of fractions melting within temperature intervals as indicated for example E 1 in the table 8 and FIG. 5.

The melting curve of the material crystallised this way can be used for calculating the lamella thickness distribution according to Thomson-Gibbs equation (Eq 1.).

$\begin{matrix} {{T_{m} = {T_{0}\left( {1 - \frac{2\; \sigma}{\Delta \; {H_{0} \cdot L}}} \right)}};} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where T₀=457K, ΔH₀=184×10⁶ J/m³, σ=0.0496 J/m² and L is the lamella thickness.

Electrical Breakdown Strength (EB63%)

It follows standard IEC 60243-part 1 (1988).

The method describes a way to measure the electrical breakdown strength for insulation materials on compression moulded plaques.

Definition:

$\begin{matrix} {{Eb}\text{:}} & \; \\ {{E_{b} = \frac{U_{b}}{d}};} & \; \end{matrix}$

The electrical field strength in the test sample at which breakdown occurs. In homogeneous plaques and films this corresponds to the electrical electrical breakdown strength divided by the thickness of the plaque/film (d), unit: kV/mm.

The electrical breakdown strength is determined at 50 Hz within a high voltage cabinet using metal rods as electrodes as described in IEC60243-1 (4.1.2). The voltage is raised over the film/plaque at 2 kV/s until a breakdown occurs.

3. Examples Inventive Example 1 E 1 Catalyst Preparation

The catalyst was prepared as described in example 5 of WO 03/051934, with the Al- and Zr-ratios as given in said example (Al/Zr=250).

Catalyst Characteristics:

Al- and Zr-content were analyzed via above mentioned method to 36.27 wt.-% Al and 0.42%-wt. Zr. The average particle diameter (analyzed via Coulter counter) is 20 μm and particle size distribution is shown in FIG. 3.

Polymerization

A 5 liter stainless steel reactor was used for propylene polymerizations. 1100 g of liquid propylene (Borealis polymerization grade) was fed to reactor. 0.2 ml triethylaluminum (100%, purchased from Crompton) was fed as a scavenger and 15 mmol hydrogen (quality 6.0, supplied by Åga) as chain transfer agent. Reactor temperature was set to 30° C. 29.1 mg catalyst were flushed into to the reactor with nitrogen overpressure. The reactor was heated up to 70° C. in a period of about 14 minutes. Polymerization was continued for 50 minutes at 70° C., then propylene was flushed out, 5 mmol hydrogen were fed and the reactor pressure was increased to 20 bars by feeding (gaseous-) propylene. Polymerization continued in gas-phase for 144 minutes, then the reactor was flashed, the polymer was dried and weighted.

Polymer yield was weighted to 901 g, that equals a productivity of 31 kg_(PP)/g_(catalyst). 1000 ppm of a commercial stabilizer Irganox B 215 (FF) (Ciba) have been added to the powder. The powder has been melt compounded with a Prism TSE16 lab kneader at 250 rpm at a temperature of 220-230° C.

Inventive Example 2 E 2

A catalyst as used in I1 has been used.

A 5 liter stainless steel reactor was used for propylene polymerizations. 1100 g of liquid propylene (Borealis polymerization grade) was fed to reactor. 0.5 ml triethylaluminum (100%, purchased from Crompton) was fed as a scavenger and 50 mmol hydrogen (quality 6.0, supplied by Åga) as chain transfer agent. Reactor temperature was set to 30° C. 19.9 mg catalyst were flushed into to the reactor with nitrogen overpressure. The reactor was heated up to 70° C. in a period of about 14 minutes. Polymerization was continued for 40 minutes at 70° C., then propylene was flushed out, the reactor pressure was increased to 20 bars by feeding (gaseous-) propylene. Polymerization continued in gas-phase for 273 minutes, then the reactor was flashed, the polymer was dried and weighted.

Polymer yield was weighted to 871 g, that equals a productivity of 44 kg_(PP)/g_(catalyst). 1000 ppm of a commercial stabilizer Irganox B 215 (FF) (Ciba) have been added to the powder. The powder has been melt compounded with a Prism TSE16 lab kneader at 250 rpm at a temperature of 220-230° C.

Comparative Example 1 CE 1

A commercial polypropylene homopolymer of Borealis has been used.

Comparative Example 2 CE 2

A commercial polypropylene homopolymer of Borealis has been used.

In Tables 4, 5 and 6, the properties of samples CE 1, CE 2, E 1 and E2 are summarized.

TABLE 4 Properties of polypropylene according to the present technology and comparative examples Unit CE 1 CE 2 E 1 E 2 Ash ppm 15 13 85 n.a. MFR g/10′ 2.1 2.1 2 5.3 Mw g/mol 412000 584000 453000 405000 Mw/Mn — 9.9 8.1 2.8 5.3 XS wt % 1.2 3.5 0.85 0.66 mmmm — 0.95 0.95 Tm ° C. 162 162 150.6 150.8 Hm J/g 107 100 99.5 100.1 Tc ° C. 115 113 111.9 111.2 Hc J/g 101 94 74.6 92.8 g′ — 1 1 <1 <1 SHI@1.0 s⁻¹ — 0 0 0.15 n.a. MBI — 0 0 0.20 n.a. Chain qualitative linear linear Short- Short- Architecture chain chain branched branched

TABLE 5 Preparation of the cast film and characterization Cast film with OCS equipment, thickness constant at 90-110 μm. Unit CE 1 CE 2 E 1 E 2 Stiffness Film TD MPa 960 756 1011 n.a. Stiffness Film MD MPa 954 752 1059 n.a. Elongation at Break TD % 789 792 700 n.a. Elongation at Break % 733 714 691 n.a. MD Transparency % 94 94 94 n.a. Haze % 24.2 19.9 7.8 n.a.

TABLE 6 Preparation of BOPP film and characterization VTT Tampere, 4 × 4 Orientation Code Unit CE 1 CE 2 E 1 E 2 EB63% kV/mm 210 224 291 388 90% LOWER CONF: kV/mm 197 203 267 349 90% UPPER CONF: kV/mm 223 244 311 425 BETA: none 10.4 6.9 8.3 6.5 Stress MD4 MPa 4.3 3.8 3.6 2.7 Stress TD4 MPa 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.5 Stiffness Film 4 × 4 MPa 3003 3138 2550 2020 MD Stiffness Film 4 × 4 TD MPa 2943 2691 2824 2554 Elongation at Break % 52 53 80 62 Film 4 × 4 TD Elongation at Break % 50 60 34 41 Film 4 × 4 MD Tm ONSET Film 4 × 4 ° C. 141 136 137 n.a. Tm Film (1^(st) melting ° C. 156 158 154 157 4 × 4) Hm Film (1^(st) melting J/g 56 66 70 92 4 × 4) Tc Film 4 × 4 ° C. 111 112 112 114 Hc Film 4 × 4 J/g 80 78 77 90 Tm Film (2^(nd) melting ° C. 167 165 156 154 4 × 4) Hm Film (2^(nd) melting J/g 74 73 69 89 4 × 4)

TABLE 7 Preparation of BOPP film and characterization VTT Tampere, 5 × 5 Orientation Code Unit E 2 EB63% kV/mm 638 90% LOWER CONF: kV/mm 563 90% UPPER CONF: kV/mm 707 BETA: none 5.6 Stress MD5 MPa 3.5 Stress TD5 MPa 3.4 Stiffness Film 5 × 5 MD MPa 2271 Stiffness Film 5 × 5 TD MPa 2445 Elongation at Break Film 5 × 5 TD % 39 Elongation at Break Film 5 × 5 MD % 19 Tm ONSET Film 5 × 5 ° C. n.a. Tm Film (1^(st) melting 5 × 5) ° C. 152 Hm Film (1^(st) melting 5 × 5) J/g 83 Tc Film 5 × 5 ° C. 109 Hc Film 5 × 5 J/g 95 Tm Film (2^(nd) melting 5 × 5) ° C. 153 Hm Film (2^(nd) melting 5 × 5) J/g 100

A biaxially oriented film is prepared as follows:

In the biaxial stretching Device Bruckner Karo IV, film samples are clamped and extended in both, longitudinal and transverse direction, at constant stretching speed. The length of the sample increases during stretching in longitudinal direction and the stretch ratio in longitudinal direction calculates from the ratio of current length over original sample length. Subsequently, the sample is stretched in transverse direction where the width of the sample is increasing. Hence, the stretch ratio calculates from the current width of the sample over the original width of the sample.

In Table 8 the crystallization behaviour of sample E 1 is determined via stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST).

TABLE 8 Results from stepwise isothermal segregation technique (SIST) E 1 CE 2 CE 2 Peak ID Range [° C.] H_(m) [J/g] H_(m) [J/g] H_(m) [J/g] 1 <110 6.0 0.6 1.0 2 110-120 3.8 1.0 1.4 3 120-130 4.8 2.0 2.6 4 130-140 11.4 3.9 4.8 5 140-150 27.5 10.6 12.8 6 150-160 29.2 25.4 32.1 7 160-170 16.9 50.7 56.6 8 >170 0.1 37.5 14.3 H_(m) = melting enthalpy

The present technology has now been described in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable a person familiar in the art to which it pertains, to practice the same. It is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments and examples of the present technology and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the present technology as set forth in the claims. Moreover, while particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present technology have been shown and described, it will be understood, of course, that the present technology is not limited thereto since modifications can be made by those familiar in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings and appended claims. Moreover, it is also understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings, if any, and as described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the present technology, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the Doctrine of Equivalents. Further, all references cited herein are incorporated in their entirety. 

1. An electrical insulation film comprising a polypropylene material, at least one of the electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material comprising: a) xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight; and b) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique, said crystalline fraction comprising a part; wherein, during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min, said part melts at or below 140° C. and said part represents at least 10 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction and wherein said electrical insulation film is a capacitor film.
 2. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the film has a strain hardening index of at least 0.15 measured at a deformation rate of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C., further wherein the strain hardening index is defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain for the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and
 3. 3. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the xylene solubles are in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight.
 4. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein said crystalline fraction represents at least 90 percent by weight of said polypropylene material of said capacitor film.
 5. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the film is a biaxially oriented film.
 6. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material is stretchable in machine and transverse direction up to a draw ratio of at least 3.5 without breaking.
 7. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a draw ratio in machine and transverse direction of at least 3.5.
 8. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a tensile modulus of at least 1800 MPa at a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and a draw ratio of 4 in transverse direction, measured according to ISO 527-3 at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min.
 9. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a stretching stress of at least 2.5 MPa in machine direction and transverse direction at a stretching temperature of 152° C. or less and a draw ratio of 4.0 in machine direction and transverse direction.
 10. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a melting point of at least 148° C.
 11. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a multi-branching index of at least 0.15, wherein the multi-branching index is defined as the slope of strain hardening index as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky the Hencky strain rate, defined as log(dε/dt) for this, wherein: a) dε/dt is the deformation rate; b) ε is the Hencky strain; and c) the strain hardening index is measured at a temperature of 180° C.; and wherein the strain hardening index is defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function, defined as log(ηε⁺), as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain in the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and
 3. 12. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a branching index of less than 1.00.
 13. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material is multimodal.
 14. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material is unimodal.
 15. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has molecular weight distribution of not more than 8.00 measured according to ISO
 16014. 16. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has a melt flow rate of up to 10 g/10 min measured according to ISO 1
 133. 17. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has an mmmm pentad concentration of higher than 94% determined by NMR-spectroscopy.
 18. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has a meso pentad concentration of higher than 94% determined by NMR-spectroscopy
 19. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material is a propylene homopolymer.
 20. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has been produced in the presence of a catalytic system comprising metallocene complex, wherein the catalytic system has a porosity of less than 1.40 ml/g measured according to DIN
 66135. 21. The electrical insulation film of claim 1, wherein the polypropylene material has been produced in the presence of a symmetric metallocene complex.
 22. An electrical insulation film comprising a polypropylene material, at least one of the electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material comprising: a) xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight; and b) a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique, said crystalline fraction comprising a part; wherein, during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min, said part melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature of at least one of said electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material, and said part represents at least 45 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction. and wherein said electrical insulation film is a capacitor film.
 23. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the film is a biaxially oriented film.
 24. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material is stretchable in machine and transverse direction up to a draw ratio of at least 3.5 without breaking.
 25. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material is has a draw ratio in machine and transverse direction of at least 3.5.
 26. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a tensile modulus of at least 1800 MPa at a draw ratio of 4 in machine direction and a draw ratio of 4 in transverse direction, measured according to ISO 527-3 at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min.
 27. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a stretching stress of at least 2.5 MPa in machine direction and transverse direction at a stretching temperature of 152° C. or less and a draw ratio of 4.0 in machine direction and transverse direction.
 28. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a melting point of at least 148° C.
 29. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a multi-branching index of at least 0.15, wherein the multi-branching index is defined as the slope of strain hardening index as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky the Hencky strain rate, defined as log(dε/dt) for this, wherein: a) dε/dt is the deformation rate; b) ε is the Hencky strain; and c) the strain hardening index is measured at a temperature of 180° C.; and wherein the strain hardening index is defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function, defined as log(ηε⁺), as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain in the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and
 3. 30. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material has a branching index of less than 1.00.
 31. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material is multimodal.
 32. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material is unimodal.
 33. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has molecular weight distribution of not more than 8.00 measured according to ISO
 16014. 34. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has a melt flow rate of up to 10 g/10 min measured according to ISO 1
 133. 35. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has an mmmm pentad concentration of higher than 94% determined by NMR-spectroscopy.
 36. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has a meso pentad concentration of higher than 94% determined by NMR-spectroscopy
 37. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material is a propylene homopolymer.
 38. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has been produced in the presence of a catalytic system comprising metallocene complex, wherein the catalytic system has a porosity of less than 1.40 ml/g measured according to DIN
 66135. 39. The electrical insulation film of claim 22, wherein the polypropylene material has been produced in the presence of a symmetric metallocene complex.
 40. An electrical insulation film comprising a polypropylene material, at least one of the electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material comprising xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight, wherein said electrical insulation film has a strain hardening index of at least 0.15 measured at a deformation rate of 1.00 s⁻¹ at a temperature of 180° C., the strain hardening index defined as the slope of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the tensile stress growth function as function of the logarithm to the basis 10 of the Hencky strain for the range of the Hencky strains between 1 and 3, and further wherein said electrical insulation film is a capacitor film.
 41. The electrical insulation film of claim 40, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material further comprises a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique, said crystalline fraction comprising a part; wherein, during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min, said part melts at or below 140° C., fraction, and said part represents at least 20 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction.
 42. The electrical insulation film of claim 40, wherein at least one of the film and the polypropylene material further comprises a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200 to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique, said crystalline fraction comprising a part; wherein, during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min, said part melts at or below the temperature T=Tm−3° C., wherein Tm is the melting temperature of at least one of said electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material, and said part represents at least 50 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction.
 43. A process of preparing an electrical insulation film, said electrical insulation film comprising a polypropylene material, said process comprising the steps of: a. preparing the polypropylene material using a catalyst system of low porosity, the catalyst system comprising a symmetric catalyst, wherein the catalyst system has a porosity of less than 1.40 ml/g measured according to DIN 66135; and b. forming the polypropylene material into a film; wherein at least one of the electrical insulation film and the polypropylene material comprises xylene solubles of at least 0.5 percent by weight; and a crystalline fraction crystallizing in the temperature range of 200° C. to 105° C. determined by stepwise isothermal segregation technique, said crystalline fraction comprising a part, further wherein, during subsequent melting at a melting rate of 10° C./min, said part represents at least 10 percent by weight of said crystalline fraction, and further wherein said electrical insulation film is a capacitor film.
 44. The process of claim 43, wherein said polypropylene material is formed into a cast film
 45. The process of claim 43, wherein the film is biaxially oriented.
 46. The process of claim 43, wherein the catalyst system is a non-silica supported system.
 47. The process of claim 43, wherein the catalyst system has a porosity below the detection limit as defined according to DIN
 66135. 48. The process of claim 43, wherein the catalyst system has a surface area of less than 25 m²/g measured according to ISO
 9277. 49. The process of claim 43, wherein the symmetric catalyst is a transition metal compound of the formula: (Cp)₂R₁MX₂ wherein M is Zr, Hf or Ti; X is independently a monovalent anionic ligand; Cp is an organic ligand; and R is a bridging group linking the two Cp ligands; wherein both Cp ligands are at least one member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted cyclopenadienyl, unsubstituted indenyl, unsubstituted tetrahydroindenyl, unsubstituted fluorenyl, substituted cyclopenadienyl, substituted indenyl, substituted tetrahydroindenyl, and substituted fluorenyl, and further wherein both Cp-ligands are chemically identical.
 50. The process of claim 49, wherein X is a σ-ligand.
 51. The process of claim 49, wherein M is Zr. 